ABSALOM AND ACHITOPHEL

23 September 2022 

Hello readers!!

I' m Divya jadav a student of English literature at MKBU.this blog is part of  thinking activity given by Dr.Dilip Sir. Here I will potrait various themes which we find in the poem

"ABASALOM AND ACHITOPHEL"

ABASALOM AND ACHITOPHEL 

ABOUT THE  POET:-

QUESTION:1 WRITE ON THE THEME OF YOUR CHOICE .WRITE' QUOTES FROM THE POEM IN SUPPORT OF YOUR THEME YOU ARE WRITING ABOUT.

ANSWER: 

Abasalom and achitophel is acknowledged as the best political satire in the English literature. In this we find various important themes.

1)MONARCHY AND DIVIN RIGHT :- 

The poem grapples with the concept of monarchy and the idea of the divine right of kings. It portrays Charles II as a legitimate ruler by drawing parallels with King David's

 biblical authority.

2) POLITICAL MANIPULATION:-

Dryden highlights the cunning and

manipulative tactics employed by politicians

and agitators to advance their agendas. This is exemplified by Achitophel, who represents the political schemers of the era.

3) POLITICAL ALLIGORY:-

The poem serves as a satirical commentary on the political situation in England during the late 17th century. It uses biblical characters, such as King David represents as king Charles II, and Absalom represented as the Duke of Monmouth, to comment on contemporary political figures and events.

4) SATIRE AND MOCKREY:-

Dryden employs satire and mockery to ridicule the political figures and factions of his time. Through wit and humor, he critiques their actions and ambitions.

5) NATIONAL UNITY AND STABILITY:-

The poem emphasizes the importance of national unity and stability in the face of political turmoil. It suggests that divisive politics and rebellion can lead to chaos and destruction.

And also one of the famous quote which i potrait here is,

The phrase "Be aware the fury of a patient man" is often attributed to John Dryden, the English poet and playwright. It is a variation of a line from his poem "Absalom and Achitophel."

This line suggests that when a patient and tolerant person finally becomes angry or takes action, their anger can be especially powerful and relentless. It serves as a warning about underestimating the determination and resolve of someone who has endured a great deal of frustration or injustice.

 

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Reference of cite: Chat GPT 

Wordsworth preface to Lyrical Ballad

27 September 2023

Hello readers!!

I'm Divya jadav a student of English literature in MKBU.In this blog I want to share some ideas about the William Wordsworth " PREFACE TO THE LYRICAL BALLAD" 

  PREFACE TO THE LYRICAL BALLADk

QUESTION: 1 EXPLAIN HOW FRENCH REVOLUTION  INFLUENCED WILLIAM WORDS WORTH  ROMANTICISM 

ANSWER:- 

The French Revolution had a significant influence on William Wordsworth and the development of Romanticism in his poetry. Wordsworth's poetry is often associated with the Romantic movement, which emphasized individualism, nature, and emotional expression. Here's how the French Revolution impacted Wordsworth's Romanticism:

1. Political Ideals: Wordsworth was initially inspired by the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The French Revolution represented a fervent desire for social and political change, which resonated with Wordsworth's belief in the power of the individual and the potential for positive societal transformation.

2. Emphasis on Nature: The French Revolution's turbulence and violence led Wordsworth to seek solace in nature. He found refuge in the tranquility of the natural world, which he saw as a source of spiritual and emotional renewal. This emphasis on nature became a central theme in his poetry, as he believed that it could offer solace and inspiration in a rapidly changing world.

3. Return to Simplicity: In response to the excesses and complexities of the revolutionary period, Wordsworth, along with other Romantic poets, sought to return to a simpler, more authentic way of life. His poetry often celebrated the ordinary and everyday experiences of rural life, emphasizing the importance of simplicity and sincerity.

4. Individual Emotion and Imagination: The Romantic movement, influenced by the French Revolution's emphasis on individual rights and freedoms, placed a strong emphasis on the expression of individual emotion and imagination. Wordsworth's poetry often explored the inner emotional landscape of the individual, celebrating the power of imagination and the subjective experience of the world.

the French Revolution played a pivotal role in shaping William Wordsworth's Romanticism. It influenced his political and philosophical views, his connection to nature, and his emphasis on individual emotion and imagination in his poetry. Wordsworth's works, such as "Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey" and "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," reflect these influences and remain important examples of Romantic literature.

QUESTION:2  WRITE NOTE ON  SELF CONTRADICTORY  OBSERVETION  IN PREFACE

ANSWER: 

In William Wordsworth's Preface to "Lyrical Ballads," there exists a notable self-contradictory observation that reflects the complexity of his poetic principles. Wordsworth initially champions simplicity and the use of everyday language in poetry, emphasizing a close connection between the poet and nature. He asserts that poetry should be written in "the real language of men" and should avoid artificial and ornate language.

However, this seemingly straightforward principle becomes contradictory when Wordsworth acknowledges the necessity of poetic diction and elevated language for certain moments of heightened emotion or imagination. He admits that poets may resort to a more grandiose style in such cases. This apparent contradiction in advocating both simplicity and elevated language illustrates the tension within Wordsworth's own poetic theory.

This self-contradictory observation suggests that Wordsworth recognizes the need for a balance between the ordinary and the sublime in poetry. It highlights the dynamic nature of his beliefs and the recognition that poetic expression cannot always adhere strictly to one set of principles. Wordsworth's preface, in essence, underscores the complexity and evolution of his own poetic philosophy over time.

QUESTION: 3 WRITE BRIFE ANALYSIS OF ANY ONE SHORT POEM BY WORDSWORTH WITH REFERENCE TO HIS  POETIC CREED

ANSWER:  

William Wordsworth's most famous poems that reflects his poetic creed is "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," also known as "Daffodils." This poem is a quintessential example of Wordsworth's Romantic ideals.

In this poem, Wordsworth describes a personal experience where he encounters a field of daffodils while wandering in nature. He vividly portrays the scene and the emotions it evokes. The poem highlights several key aspects of Wordsworth's poetic creed:

1. Connection with Nature: Wordsworth believed in the spiritual and emotional connection between humans and nature. In "Daffodils," he immerses himself in the beauty of the natural world, finding solace and inspiration in the simple yet profound sight of the daffodils.

2. Emotion and Imagination : Wordsworth valued the power of emotions and the imagination in poetry. He conveys the sense of joy and tranquility he experiences when gazing at the daffodils, emphasizing how this memory later brings him comfort in moments of solitude.

3. Simplicity and Common Language: Wordsworth advocated for using everyday language and simple, direct expressions in poetry. In this poem, he employs plain language to convey profound emotions and experiences, making it accessible to a wide audience.

4. Spontaneity and the Sublime: Wordsworth believed in the importance of spontaneous, unmediated experiences with nature. The poem captures a moment of sublime beauty, where the daffodils "flash upon that inward eye" and fill his heart with bliss.

Overall, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" embodies Wordsworth's belief in the transformative power of nature, the emotional resonance of poetry, and the idea that ordinary experiences can hold extraordinary significance when viewed through the lens of the imagination. It is a testament to his Romantic ideals and remains a celebrated work in the canon of English literture.

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Refrence of cite: Chat GPT 

P.B.SHELLEY AS REVOLUTIONRY POET

23 September 2023

Hello readers!!

I'm Divya jadav a student of English Department at MKBU.In this blog I would like to share something about the famous Romantic poet P.B.SHELLEY AS A REVOLUTIONRY POET.

QUESTION : P.B.SHELLEY AS REVOLUTIONRY POET 

ABOUT THE  POET :

Born:

4 August 1792

Field Place, Warnham, West Sussex, England

Died

8 July 1822 (aged 29)

Gulf of La Spezia, Kingdom of Sardinia

Occupation:

Poet,dramatist,essayist,novelist

Parents: Timothy Shelley, Elizabeth Pilfold

QUESTION : P.B.SHELLEY ASREVOLUTIONARY POET  WITH REFERENCE OF THE POEM " ODE TO THE WEST WIND"

AS A REVOLUTIONARY POET

Percy Bysshe Shelley Biography PortraitPercy Bysshe Shelley, a revolutionary poet, novelist, and prominent figure of the Romantic era, left an indelible mark on the literary landscape. Although extremely talented, his life was one that contained tragedy. The celebrated poet died young but still managed to publish some of the greatest poetry of the 19th century.

Shelley was known for his works thatpossessed many attributes from the Romaicmovement.Hispoemsarecharacterized by apassionateintensity, imagination,andan exploration of the sublime.He creates a sense of awe, beauty, and appreciation for the

grandeur and scale of the natural world.

Percy Bysshe Shelley was an English Romantic poet who rebelled against conservative politics and values. He drew no essential distinction between poetry and politics, and his work reflected the radical ideas and revolutionary optimism of the era. In spite of the failure of the French Revolution, unlike Wordsworth or Coleridge, Shelley never abandoned the ideals of the revolution.

Shelley’s revolutionary attitude is constructive in the long run. In his preface to “The Revolt of Islam”, he points out that he wants to kindle in the bossom of his readers a virtuous enthusiasm for liberty and justice; faith and hope in something good, which neither violence nor prejudice can ever wholly extinguish. As a poet, Shelley conceived to become the inspirer and judge of men. He had a passion for reforming the world which was the direct outcome of that attitude of mind which the French Revolution had inculcated in him. Another idea contained in the original conception of the Revolution was ‘The Return to Nature’. It held that the essential happiness of man consisted in a simple life in accordance with Nature.

 

       " ODE TO THE WEST WIND "

In the "Ode to The West Wind" Shelley is seen as a rebel and he wants revolution. He desires a social change and the West Wind is to his symbol of change. This poem, written in iambic pentameter, begins with three stanzas describing the wind's effects upon earth, air and ocean. The last two stanzas are Shelley speaking directly to the wind, asking for its power, to life him like a leaf, or a cloud and make him his companion in its wanderings. He asks the wind to take his thoughts and spread them all over the world so that the youth are awoken with his ideas.

In the first stanza of this poem, Shelley says that the West Wind drives away the last sign of life in trees and also helps to rejuvenate the world by allowing the seeds to grow in the spring. In this way the West Wind acts as a destroyer and preserver. Shelley says, “Wild spirit, which art moving everywhere;/ Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh, hear!" Actually the West Wind acts as a driving force for change and rejuvenation in the human and natural world. And it is the symbol of revolution. Shelley begins his poem by addressing the Wild West Wind. He quickly introduces the theme of death and compares the dead leaves to ghosts. The imagery of "Pestilence-stricken multitudes" makes the reader aware that Shelley is addressing more than a pile of leaves. His claustrophobic mood becomes evident when he talks of the wintry bed and

The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low Each like a corpse within its grave, until Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow"

Although the West Wind symbolizes his own personality and in the middle of the poem he seems somehow pessimistic when he says, "Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!/ I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!", at the end of the poem he is seen very much optimistic when he say that his revolutionary ideas must bring a change and the new order will be established.

The wind blows through the jungle and produces music out to the dead leaves. Shelley requests it to create music out of his heart and to inspire him to write great poetry, which may create a revolution in the hearts of men . He wants the Wind to scatter his revolutionary message in the world, just as it scatters cries and sparks from a burning fire. His thoughts may not be as fiery as they once were, but they still have the power to inspire men. He tells the Wind to take message to sleeping world, that if winter comes, spring cannot be far behind. After bed days come good days. Here he says, " If winter comes , can spring be far behind?"

We also find Shelley’s revolutionary zeal in ode “To A Skylark”. According to Shelley, the bird, Skylark, that pours spontaneous melody from heaven and sours higher and higher can never be a bird. It is for the poet, a joyful spirit that begins its upward flight at sunrise and becomes invisible at evening like the stars of the sky that become invisible in day light. Moreover, it is compared with the beans of the moon whose presence is rather felt than seen. It's a heavenly bird and by singing it spreads its influence through the world.

In the opening stanza, the bind is seen as a "blithe spirit" that "pourest thy full heart/ In profuse strains of unpremeditated art." The words "Pourest thy full heart" mean that the bird pours out its heart in song and with "In profuse strains of unpremeditated art", Shelley refers to the spontaneous flow of music which comes from the Skylark. There is nothing artificial in its music, it overflows profusely from its heart. And Shelley says as a spirit of revolution it spreads it revolutionary message as the moon spreads its beam. He says,

"All the earth and air

With thy voice is loud,

As, when might is bare,

From one lonely cloud

The moon rains our her beams, and Heaven is overflowed."

As in the beginning of the poem, the poet says the bird is a heavenly bird and it is a joyful spirit, its life is not sorrowful like that of human being. The life of human being is full of sorrow, suffering and it is rare to find ecstasy without pain. Our happiness is often mapped by memories of part affections and sorrows, and the painful uncertainly of what is to come in the future. Man is a creature that looks "before and after". He is subject to weariness and satiety, so that he can never enjoy happiness perennially. But the Skylark knows on satiety. It is the very embodiment of perennial delight, ever fresh and full of west and unwearied in its enjoyment of happiness. Human life, on the other hand, is subject to recurrent spells of frustration and pain. As he say,

“We look before and after,

And shoe for what is not:

Our sincerest laughter

With some pain is fraught:

Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought."

So the poet wants to experience half the gaiety of the bird and them he would sing wit such excellent poetic ecstasy via the people of the world listen to him. He says,

"Teach me half the gladness

That thy brain must know,

Such harmonious madness

From my lips would flow

The world should listen then-as I am listening now."

In the concluding part it can be said that Shelley is a true revolutionary poet whose message bears the ideas of revolution.

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RAPE OF THE LOCK

 Wednesday, September 20 ,2023

THE RAPE OF THE LOCK BY ALEXANDER 

POPE.

      Hello readers!!

I 'm Divya Jadav a student of English Department at MKBU. Here,  this blog is as part of the thinking activity i would like to discuss about the one famous poem " RAPE OF THE LOCK" BY ALEXANDER POPE.

ABOUT THE  POET ALEXANDER POPE

 

       "  RAPE OF THE LOCK "

                                    BY ALEXANDER POPE 

Here are the some questions which based on this  poem .

QUESTION:-

   1.According to you, who is the protagonist of the poem Clarissa or Belinda? Why? Give your answer with logical reasons.

  ANSWER:-

Acconding to my view, Belinda is the

protagonist .character in this poem.

The narrative primarily focuses on her and her predicament when her lock of hair is snipped off. 

 The poem explores her reactions, emotions, and the elaborate social world in which she exists. 

While Clarissa is mentioned in the poem, she plays a minor role in the narrative compared to Belinda. 

Therefore, Belinda can be considered the protagonist due to her central role and the primary focus of the poem's storyline

QUESTION:-

  2.What is Beauty? Write your views about it?

   ANSWER:-

In my point of view, beauty is a pleasure, satisfaction, subjective concept that variety of person to person.

    It's just not physical appearance but it can also refer to qualities like, humanity, harmony aesthetic appeal, kindness and intelligence.

   Beauty can be found in nature, art, people, and even abstract ideas.

    Ultimately, beauty is a complex and reflects the tastes of individuals and societies.

   There is no standard of Beauty. Though some people think that beauty is about shape, size and colour but it's no matter in beauty.

    QUESTION:-

   3.Find out Research paper on Rape of the Lock give the details of the paper and write down in brief what it says about the poem by Alexander pope.

   ANSWER:-

Alexander pope's masterpiece poem The rape of the lock the triviality of 18th century.

   

    The poem opens with an epic question, humorously framing the triviality of a lord assaulting a belle and her rejecting him.

    This irony highlights the society's obsession with insignificant matters while satirizing its exaggerated politeness.

    Pope's diction, particularly the use of "assault," contrasts with its violent connotation, underscoring the society's skewed values. 

    Furthermore, Pope parodies religious rituals, placing Belinda's dressing table on par with an altar, ridiculing the society's vanity.

    In short "The Rape of the Lock" remains a timeless masterpiece, critiquing society's obsession with triviality and superficiality through clever inversion, metaphor, and

   

QUESTION:-

  4.Write your views about the significance of hair is it symbolic?

   ANSWER:-

In the poem, the lock of hair belonging to Belinda becomes a central object of desire, leading to a feud between two noble families.

   Hair is a significant part of human identity and It can be symbolic of many things, including strength, beauty, and virility.

   In the context of the Rape of the Lock, hair is used as a symbol of female beauty and virtue. Belinda's hair is described as being "fair as light" and "long as love." 

    It is a symbol of her innocence and purity. When the Baron cuts off Belinda's lock of hair, it is seen as a violation of her virtue. 

   The Rape of the Lock is a cautionary tale about the dangers of female vanity and the importance of protecting one's honor.

  Overall, hair is a significant part of human identity and culture.

   It can be symbolic of many things, including 

Beauty, virility, religious beliefs, cultural heritage, social status, grief and

female beauty.

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POST TRUTH

17 September,2023

Hello readers!!

 I am Divya jadav a student ofEnglish literature in MKBU. In this blog I want to sharesome ideas about te post truth.

POST TRUTH

 DEFINATION OF POST TRUTH: -

  "Releting to or denoting  circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping  public opinion than appeals to emotion or personal belief."

STEVE TESICH " we as a free people have freely decided to live in some post truth era."

WHAT IS POST TRUTH ?

Post-truth is a term that refers to the 21st century widespread documentation of and concern about disputes over public truth claims. The term's academic development refers to the theories and research that explain the historically specific causes and the effects of the phenomenon.

Post-truth is a term that refers to the 21st century widespread documentation of and concern about disputes over public truth claims.

HISTORY OF POST TRUTH 

The concept of "post-truth" gained prominence in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. It refers to a political and cultural environment in which emotions, personal beliefs, and subjective opinions have more influence on public opinion than objective facts. Here's a brief history:

1)Origins in Political Discourse: The term "post-truth" was coined in the early 1990s, but its usage became more common in the 21st century, particularly in the realm of politics. It was used to describe situations where politicians and leaders would make false or exaggerated claims without facing significant consequences.

2)Rise of Social Media: 

The proliferation of social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter allowedinformation, including misinformation, to spreadrapidly.False or misleading  narrativescouldgain traction quickly, furthercontributing to the post-truth era.

3)Post-Truth as a Political Strategy:

Some political analysts argue that post-truth tactics became a deliberate strategy for some politicians and leaders, who realized that emotive and divisive messages could be more effective in mobilizing their base than factual accuracy.

4)Misinformation and Disinformation: 

The spread of false or misleading information, often driven by echo chambers

and algorithmic recommendations on social media, exacerbated the post-truth phenomenon. It became increasingly difficult for the public to discern credible sources from unreliable ones.

EXAMPLE OF POST TRUTH 

 

Here i discuss various examples which we find in the post truth era.

An example of "post-truth" in recent political discourse is the claim that widespread voter fraud occurred in the 2020 United States presidential election. Despite multiple audits, investigations, and court rulings affirming the integrity of the election and the absence of widespread fraud, some political figures continued to promote this false narrative to challenge the election results. This illustrates how the emotional appeal of the claim and its resonance with a particular audience can outweigh the objective evidence and facts. The persistence of this narrative despite a lack of credible evidence is a hallmark of the post-truth era.

In its most extreme mode, post-truth politics can make use of conspiracism. In this form of post-truth politics, false rumors such as the "birther" or "Muslim" conspiracy theories about Barack Obama become major news topics.In the case of the "pizzagate" conspiracy, this resulted in a man entering the Comet Ping Pong pizzeria and firing an AR-15 rifle.

It's important to note that the concept of post-truth is a complex and evolving phenomenon, and its impact on society continues to be a subject of debate and concern.

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Reference or work cited:-chat GPT

Dryden essay on Dramatic poesy

Wednesday, September 13 ,2023

DRYDEN 'S ESSAY ON DRAMATIC POESY

Hello readers!!

I 'm Divya Jadav a student of English literature in MKBU

In this blog I want to like  share about the "Dryden essay on Dramatic poesy" in which first I prefer to discuss about the Difference between Aristotle's definition of tragedy and drydon's definition of play.and second about the Dryden  as a father of English criticism.

QUESTION :-

1.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ARISTOTLE'S DEFINITION OF TRAGEDY AND DEFINITION OF DRYDON'S PLAY:-

ANSWER:-

DEFINITION OF TRAGEDY BY ARISTOTLE ?

Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, defined tragedy in his work "Poetics" as a form of drama that arouses emotions of pity and fear in the audience.

   He believed that a tragedy should have certain characteristics, including,

Aristotle's definition and analysis of tragedy have had a significant influence on the development of dramatic theory and literature.

Aristotle's Definition of Tragedy:

Aristotle's definition of tragedy, outlined in his work "Poetics," includes several key points:

1) PLOT :-

Aristotle stressed the significance of a well-structured plot in a tragedy. 

    He introduced the idea of a beginning,

middle, and end, where each part of the plot should be interconnected and contribute to the overall narrative.

 The events should be logically and causally linked.

2) HAMARTIA:

A central element of Aristotle's definition is the presence of a tragic hero, a character of noble stature who possesses certain admirable qualities but also a tragic flaw (hamartia).

   This flaw leads to the hero's eventual downfall. 

  The audience should feel both pity for the hero's suffering and fear of a similar fate.

3) CATHARSIS:

Tragedy's primary purpose is to arouse emotions of pity and fear in the audience and then to purge or cleanse these emotions through catharsis.

   This emotional purification is believed to have a therapeutic effect on the spectators.

4) PERIPETEIA: 

Aristotle emphasized the importance of a reversal of fortune, or peripeteia, in a tragedy. 

  This is a sudden and dramatic change in the hero's circumstances, usually from a position of strength to one of weakness.

   It is a crucial turning point in the plot.

5) UNITY OF ACTION:

Aristotle advocated for the unity of action, meaning that the events of the tragedy should revolve around a single, central plot with a clear cause-and-effect chain. 

  Any subplot or character should serve to enhance the understanding of the main plot.

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF PLAY BY  DRYDEN?

An Essay of Dramatic Poesy" by John Dryden. 

   In this essay, Dryden discusses and defends the principles of playwriting, particularly in the context of English drama. 

  Dryden used the words 'Just and Lively' image, it means the real life. 

   "a play ought to be a just and lively image of human nature, representing its passions and humours, for the delight and instruc.

Some important points of Dryden's  play:

1.Entertainment:

   Play is primarily meant to entertain and amuse the audience or participants. 

  It is a form of diversion and enjoyment.

 2.Imitation of Life: 

  Dryden believed that play should imitate life and human actions. 

It often portrays characters and situations that reflect real-life experiences.

 3.Unity of Action: 

  Plays should have a clear and coherent plot with a well-structured storyline that engages the audience.

 4.Engagement of Emotions: 

  Good plays should evoke emotions in the audience. 

  They should make people feel and connect with the characters and events.

 5.Moral or Didactic Elements:

  Dryden also believed that plays could have a moral or didactic purpose.

   They could convey important lessons or messages to the audience.

  Overall, Dryden's definition of play emphasizes its role in providing entertainment, reflecting life, and potentially conveying moral or educational content.

 QUESTION:-

2.JOHN DRYDON AS A FATHER OF ENGLISH CRITICISM:-

 ANSWER:-

  Introduction to John Dryden's Critical Contributions:

John Dryden (1631-1700) was a prominent English poet, playwright, and critic of the Restoration period.

  His critical writings were instrumental in shaping the landscape of English literary criticism.

  THE FATHER OF ENGLISH CRITICISM.

John Dryden is often considered one of the fathers of English criticism because of his significant contributions to the development and formalization of literary criticism in the English language during the late 17th century. 

Some reasons for this designation includes,

1)Critical Works: 

  Dryden wrote several critical essays and prefaces that laid the foundation for English literary criticism.  

  His " Essay of Dramatic Poesy" (1668) and "Of Dramatick Poesie, an Essay" (1667) are notable examples.

2)Poetic Norms:

  He played a key role in promoting the use of the heroic couplet as a standard form of English poetry, which influenced subsequent generations of poets.

3) clarity and structure:

Dryden emphasized the importance of clarity and structure in writing, advocating for clear language and adherence to classical rules in poetry and drama.

4.Translating Classics: 

4) Translating classsics: 

 Dryden's translations of classical works, such as Virgil's "Aeneid" and Ovid's "Metamorphoses," demonstrated his mastery of both poetic and critical skills, contributing to the understanding and appreciation of these classics in English literature.

While Dryden may not be the sole "father" of English criticism, his works and influence certainly played a significant role in shaping the early landscape of literary criticism in the English-speaking world.

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  • Reference or work cited:-

Chatgpt